It was the decade of the eighties that saw directors like Sai Paranjpye, Aparna Sen, Kalpana Lajmi, and Mira Nair spread their wings and started off with art house cinema. While male directors have always ruled the film industry be it commercial or parallel films, women directors had to work it hard to be able to create for themselves a space to express. The decade of art films believed in auteur theory and opened a new avenue for Indian cinema, using new techniques and cinematic language. With the advent of sound, came all singing and dancing dramas and religious epics, which grew popular with the masses, but a number of films catering to social problems and being naturalistic in their depiction also found fans despite being limited only to the classes of people who understood cinema. Known as Parallel / Art / New wave Cinema, Realist Indian cinema emerged parallel to the mainstream films as early as the 1930s.
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